Optimism and pessimism in social context: An interpersonal perspective on resilience and risk. Smith TW, Ruiz JM, Cundiff JM, Baron KG, Nealey-Moore JB. Pessimism is associated with greater all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, but optimism is not protective. Whitfield JB, Zhu G, Landers JG, Martin NG. Causes of individual differences in adolescent optimism: a study of Dutch twins and their siblings. One study showed that in older people, pessimism was correlated with higher stress levels, more focus on the less positive parts of their life, and a greater tendency to look back on life with more negativity in general, reducing life satisfaction.
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